High Fiber diet and regulation of oncogenes Research Paper

High Fiber diet and guideline of oncogenes - Research Paper Example Measurements mirroring the assessed instances of malignant growth and passings brought about by disease in the United States have likewise been considered, in order to additionally reinforce the pertinence of the subject. Oncogenes are proto-oncogenes turned awful - qualities that have experienced transformations (American Cancer Society, 2011); changes will be changes in the cosmetics of a gene’s building squares, DNA (American Cancer Society, 2011). As indicated by the hypothesis of quality transformation, cancer-causing agent connection with deoxyribonucleic corrosive prompts unalterable hereditary changes (Devi, 2005, p. 18). Indeed, even brief modification in the game plan of these structure squares can make a solid negative effect (American Cancer Society, 2011). Typically, proto-oncogenes are answerable for the encoding of proteins, which advance cell division and obstruct cell separation (Chial, 2008). Then again, these transformed proto-oncogenes â€Å"typically display expanded creation of these proteins, hence prompting expanded cell division, diminished cell separation, and hindrance of cell death† (Chial, 2008). The previously mentioned process prompts malignant growth (Chia l, 2008); thus, there is a need to manage these oncogenes. A â€Å"diet high in fiber† is made known to have a significant effect in the contracting of inclination to â€Å"colorectal cancer† (Doheny, 2011). Doll and Peto were the first to feature the presence of a connection between diet structure and disease - a case of which is high-fiber diet and its effectivity in chemoprevention (as refered to in Devi, 2005, p. 21). Carcinogenesis starts with inception as typical qualities are presented to cancer-causing agents (Devi, 2005, p. 16). After which, advancement follows - a phase wherein the quality is over and again presented to improvements (Devi, 2005, p. 17). From that point, movement happens; this is the multiplication of the transformed quality (Devi, 2005, p. 17). Devi

Changes Introduced by the Ottomans to Arab Urban Life Essay

Changes Introduced by the Ottomans to Arab Urban Life - Essay Example The Chronicle and the Muslim courts record report that are the migration of the stylishly tacky ventures in the city, or more every one of, the tanneries as the populace spread past the old divider. For a similar explanation, burial grounds and mosques sprang out in territories where even none had ever existed (Hathaway and Barbir 145). Open showers likewise expanded in the number, in this way demonstrating the bigger convergences of the individuals in the more extensive region of the region. The court note, what's more, settled questions inside the new neighborhoods, property buys, non-Muslims, and a few shippers living in the areas where they were officially unrepresented. This shows some positive segment move in the urban regions. Another change that was presented in the urban was the improved promoting. The developments of social occasion places like the mosques united individuals, which thusly brought about the trading of good and administrations (Hathaway and Barbir 139). The development of the slowed down structure likewise pulled in more vendors who got various merchandise available to be purchased, since it was simple for them to store their merchandize and discover a spot to live. Also, as it was before the period of Ottoman, Muslims never lived close to the Christians or different gatherings of individuals. Be that as it may, during the Ottomans time, they are seen to in any event draw nearer and even remains close to their neighborhoods. This is a portion of the progressions that were presented in the urban. Regard inside the private quarters and the individuals security shows other basic changes that were presented (Hathaway and Barbir 144). As observed, the quarters are pressed just isolated by the divider however every one regarded their neighbor’s property. Furthermore, the association was additionally among changes that were presented. Vendors would walk and group together in the neighboring home to the promoting focus, and will agreeable invited (Hathaway and Barbir 140). From the

Engine Lab Report

Motor Lab Report Diesel Engine Load/N |Fuel Time/s |dH/mmH2O |Speed/r. p. m |Temp/? |Air utilization/kg/H |Fuel utilization/kg/H |Air-fuel proportion |Power/kw |Efficiency/% | |40 |121. 6 |17. 5 |3018 |26. 6 |130. 16 |2. 47 |52. 7 |4. 5 |0. 019 | |80 |94. 72 |17. 5 |3009 |26. 7 |130. 14 |3. 17 |41. 05 |8. 97 |0. 059 | |125 |72. 76 |17 |3009 |26. 8 |128. 25 |4. 12 |31. 13 |14. 02 |0. 111 | |171 |56. 95 |17 |3000 |26. 9 |128. 23 |5. 72 |24. 33 |19. 12 |0. 161 | |212 |46. 06 |16. 5 |3006 |27. 1 |126. 28 |6. 51 |19. 40 |23. 6 |0. 202 | |232 |41. 20 |17 |3010 |27. 2 |128. 16 |7. 28 |17. 60 |26. 03 |0. 216 | Petrol Engine Load/N |Fuel Time/s |dH/mmH2O |Speed/r. p. m |Temp/? |Air utilization/kg/H |Fuel utilization/kg/H |Air-fuel proportion |Power/kw |Efficiency/% | |40 |285 |2 |3000 |26. 8 | 42. 50 | 3. 19 | 13. 32 | 4. 47 |0. 014 | |109 |191 |7 |3000 |27. 4 | 79. 44 | 4. 77 | 6. 65 |12. 19 |0. 072 | |160 |8 |2950 |28. 2 | 84. 81 | 5. 69 | 14. 91 |17. 60 |0. 125 | |248 |110. 5 |14 |3000 |28 . 2 | 112. | 8. 24 | 13. 62 |27. 74 |0. 215 | |313 |93. 56 |20 |3000 |28. 3 | 145. 4 | 9. 73 | 14. 94 |35. 01 |0. 290 | |374 |71. 81 |27 |3000 |28. 4 | 168. 9 | 12. 68 | 13. 32 |41. 83 |0. 317 | [pic] Fig 1 [pic] Fig 2 From Fig 1, we realize that air-fuel proportion of the petroleum motor isn't changing much as the brake power increments, anyway for the diesel motor, the air-fuel proportion drops as the force increments. This is on the grounds that the choke which is arranged noticeable all around consumption pipe of the petroleum engine.For the petroleum motor, the ignition happens in the entire chamber, so the air-fuel proportion ought to be kept up to ensure the burning to occur quickly enough constantly. The choke will change the air-fuel proportion. For the diesel motor, the ignition happens around singular beads of the fuel splash, in this way the yield is identified with the measure of fuel infused, and the wind current isn't controlled. Fig 2 shows that the productivity incr ements with the force for the two motors, anyway the diesel motor arrives at higher effectiveness than the petroleum engine.This is on the grounds that, for the diesel motor, the contribution of the fuel is as fuel shower. The pressure of the fuel and air is stayed away from. This will make the most extreme chamber volume to least bigger, and prompts higher productivity. In this way, the petroleum motor ought to be utilized in light vehicles since it is lighter than the diesel motor and it can arrive at higher force than the diesel motor which produces higher speed of the vehicles. What's more, the diesel motor ought to be utilized for the overwhelming vehicles, since it has higher effectiveness. The overwhelming vehicles need to accomplish more work, so the proficiency is progressively essential to them. Motor Lab Report Motor Lab Report Diesel Engine Load/N |Fuel Time/s |dH/mmH2O |Speed/r. p. m |Temp/? |Air utilization/kg/H |Fuel utilization/kg/H |Air-fuel proportion |Power/kw |Efficiency/% | |40 |121. 6 |17. 5 |3018 |26. 6 |130. 16 |2. 47 |52. 7 |4. 5 |0. 019 | |80 |94. 72 |17. 5 |3009 |26. 7 |130. 14 |3. 17 |41. 05 |8. 97 |0. 059 | |125 |72. 76 |17 |3009 |26. 8 |128. 25 |4. 12 |31. 13 |14. 02 |0. 111 | |171 |56. 95 |17 |3000 |26. 9 |128. 23 |5. 72 |24. 33 |19. 12 |0. 161 | |212 |46. 06 |16. 5 |3006 |27. 1 |126. 28 |6. 51 |19. 40 |23. 6 |0. 202 | |232 |41. 20 |17 |3010 |27. 2 |128. 16 |7. 28 |17. 60 |26. 03 |0. 216 | Petrol Engine Load/N |Fuel Time/s |dH/mmH2O |Speed/r. p. m |Temp/? |Air utilization/kg/H |Fuel utilization/kg/H |Air-fuel proportion |Power/kw |Efficiency/% | |40 |285 |2 |3000 |26. 8 | 42. 50 | 3. 19 | 13. 32 | 4. 47 |0. 014 | |109 |191 |7 |3000 |27. 4 | 79. 44 | 4. 77 | 6. 65 |12. 19 |0. 072 | |160 |8 |2950 |28. 2 | 84. 81 | 5. 69 | 14. 91 |17. 60 |0. 125 | |248 |110. 5 |14 |3000 |28 . 2 | 112. | 8. 24 | 13. 62 |27. 74 |0. 215 | |313 |93. 56 |20 |3000 |28. 3 | 145. 4 | 9. 73 | 14. 94 |35. 01 |0. 290 | |374 |71. 81 |27 |3000 |28. 4 | 168. 9 | 12. 68 | 13. 32 |41. 83 |0. 317 | [pic] Fig 1 [pic] Fig 2 From Fig 1, we realize that air-fuel proportion of the petroleum motor isn't changing much as the brake power increments, anyway for the diesel motor, the air-fuel proportion drops as the force increments. This is on the grounds that the choke which is arranged noticeable all around admission conduit of the petroleum engine.For the petroleum motor, the ignition happens in the entire chamber, so the air-fuel proportion ought to be kept up to ensure the burning to occur quickly enough constantly. The choke will change the air-fuel proportion. For the diesel motor, the ignition happens around singular beads of the fuel splash, hence the yield is identified with the measure of fuel infused, and the wind current isn't controlled. Fig 2 shows that the proficiency increments with the force for the two motors, anyway the diesel motor arrives at higher productivity than the petroleum engine.This is on the grounds that, for the diesel motor, the contribution of the fuel is as fuel shower. The pressure of the fuel and air is maintained a strategic distance from. This will make the most extreme chamber volume to least bigger, and prompts higher productivity. In this way, the petroleum motor ought to be utilized in light vehicles since it is lighter than the diesel motor and it can arrive at higher force than the diesel motor which produces higher speed of the vehicles. Also, the diesel motor ought to be utilized for the overwhelming vehicles, since it has higher effectiveness. The substantial vehicles need to accomplish more work, so the proficiency is increasingly critical to them.

LSD (lysergic Acid Dyethilamide) Essay Example For Students

LSD (lysergic Acid Dyethilamide) Essay A Swiss scientific expert named Dr. Albert Hoffman previously created lysergic corrosive Diethylmide or most popular as LSD in 1938 (Dye, 1992, p. 2). Hoffman found the medication while attempting to combine another medication for the treatment of migraines. He got the lysergic corrosive from the parasitic growth that develops on rye plants known as ergot. From the lysergic corrosive, he combined the compound LSD. He utilized the compound to test for its agony murdering properties on research facility creatures. Being that showed up absolutely incapable, the jug of LSD was set on a rack and stayed immaculate for a long time. On April 16, 1943, Dr. Hoffman chose to do additionally investigate with the LSD compound (Dye, 1992 p. 5). While dealing with the medication, he incidentally ingested an obscure sum. At that point he encountered the universes first LSD trip. Around eight hours after the fact Hoffman floated once more into typical reality and the Psychedelic Revolution was concei ved. (Encarta 98) after three days, trying to demonstrate that the past scene was undoubtedly brought about by the ingestion of LSD, Dr. Hoffman ingested what he thought would be a little amount of LSD, 250 micrograms. In reality, this is around multiple times the dose important to create substantial mind flights in the normal grown-up male (Solomon, 1964, p. 34). The medication created impacts that were significantly more extreme than the first run through Hoffman took the LSD. He noticed that he felt distress, dazedness, visual unsettling influences, an inclination to snicker at wrong occasions, and a trouble in focus (Dye, 1992, p.7). Dr. Hoffmans condition improved six hours in the wake of taking the medication, albeit visual unsettling influences and bending proceeded. LSD was first transported to the United States in 1949 (Solomon, 1964 , p. 54). American researchers tried LSD on creatures to learn of its belongings. It created sensational conduct changes in all creatures rese arched. During the 1950s, experimentation of LSD on people started (Solomon, 1964, p. 56). Since there were scarcely any limitations on utilizing people for experimentation at that point, researchers were allowed to control the medication generally, wanting to locate some helpful remedial incentive for the medication. Due to Hoffmans LSD record of depersonalization created by the medication. Early examinations were finished utilizing the medication to treat different mental issue. It was felt that if an individual could step outside themselves and view circumstances as others saw them, they could understand their issues and have the option to comprehend them. One of the main regions of LSD experimentation was in treating liquor addiction (Dye, 1992, p.36). After broad research, it was presumed that LSD was not powerful on treating liquor addiction and the examination was ceased. LSD was additionally tried on schizophrenics, medicate addicts and hoodlums (Dye, 1992 p. 38). Research d iscovered that LSD was inadequate in treating any social issues. It was additionally reasoned that LSD may change a typical individual into an individual with an extremely quiet to serious character issue. The Central Intelligence Agency and different military offices likewise got inspired by LSD investigate in the late 1950s (Dye, 1992, p.410.) Their enthusiasm for the medication was in the territory of brain control. They saw the chance of controlling of controlling the convictions of solid willed individuals. They gave the medication to a gathering of armed force researchers and afterward endeavored to change a portion of their essential convictions while affected by the medication. Be that as it may, one of the researchers became maniacal and ended it all by hopping from a lodging window. These offices proceeded with their exploration by utilizing drug addicts and whores to test their brain control speculations. After broad experimentation, it became evident that LSD could chang e LSD the psyche yet not control it. The United States government ended this kind of research. Up until today, the Food and Drug Administration have never endorsed LSD. This solid hallucinageous medicate stays just as research and clinical treatment. LSD has a place with a class of psychotropic medications called stimulants (Gorodetzky, 1992). Different medications in this class are mescaline (gotten from peyote prickly plant) and psilocybin (normally known as stimulating mushrooms). LSD is most usually taken orally however may likewise be taken by infusion, inward breath, or by ingestion through the skin. At the point when it is taken orally, the individual as a rule sees the impact of the medication inside thirty minutes. It might take one hour before the client encounters the medications most extreme impacts. This state ordinarily keeps going two to four hours. The standard portion taken is fifty to one hundred micrograms, albeit a lot higher and lower dosages have been ingested. The power of the dreamlike experience relies upon the portion taken. The mental, unending, and conduct impacts of LSD perseveres for eight to twelve hours and slowly wears off subsequent to arriving at their most extreme impacts (Gorodetzky, 1992). Th e impact of the medication is controlled by a people mental express, the structure of their character, and the physical setting. The job of culture and conviction frameworks is essential in the impacts of stimulating states. The experience following the ingestion of LSD is known as an outing and can be positive or negative contingent upon its impact on the client. The physiological impacts may shift. Depersonalization is a regular mental impact of LSD (Solomon, 1964, p. 157). A people self is by all accounts separated into two sections: a uninvolved spectator and a taking an interest included self. The uninvolved self is now and again observed as a unidentified individual that the client later perceives as their self. The client is oftentimes incapable to recognize where their body closes and nature starts. Another impact of LSD is derealization. Derealization is a fanciful state in which the individual can't tell on the off chance that they are encountering reality or dreaming (Sol omon, 1964, p.159). An individual affected by LSD may misconceive the size and separation of items. The states of articles are likewise twisted and continually evolving. Items that don't exist may likewise change in structure and shading. These items can frequently be seen when the client s eyes are shut on the grounds that the picture is delivered inside the psyche. Hues additionally have all the earmarks of being more splendid and more exceptional than ordinary. Synesthesia, which alludes to the blending of the faculties, is another impact of LSD (Solomon, 1964, p. 164). During synthesia, encounters ordinarily connected with one sense are meant another. For instance, sounds might be seen and hues might be smelled. LSD additionally frequently mutilates time. The client might be not able to isolate occasions from an earlier time, present, and future. An absence of fixation and hindrance in judgment are additionally normal. A person on LSD may remain totally still for extensive stret ches of time or hyperactive. LSD can likewise deliver quick mind-set changes. Another gathering of LSD instigated impacts are alluded to as substantial indications (Solomon, 1964, p. 171). These manifestations incorporate discombobulation, shortcoming, tremors, obscured vision, and shivering impression of the skin. It is as yet not completely known how LSD chips away at the cerebrum. Notwithstanding the mental impacts of LSD, the medication produces numerous physiological impacts too. LSD expands the understudies of the eyes. It can likewise cause obscured vision, and builds circulatory strain, pulse, and internal heat level. The medication additionally builds glucose, can create perspiring and chills cerebral pains, queasiness, and heaving. There are likewise changes in the muscles, bringing about shortcoming, tremors, deadness, and jerking. Strange, quick breathing may happen. ( Dye, 1992, p. 122)LSD clients experience a flashbacks in the wake of taking the medication. A flashback is an unconstrained repeat of specific parts of a LSD related illusory experience (Gorodetzky, 1992). In the event that a flashback happens after just a single presentation to LSD, the underlying outing was in all likelihood a terrible one. Flashbacks can happen whenever, yet are bound to happen while resting, while affected by different intoxicants, or while an individual is within the sight of somebody affected by LSD. Flashbacks have been known to cause crazy and self destruction responses have been recorded as madness. Bermuda Triangle EssayThe utilization of LSD kept on expanding during the late 1960s and 1970s, because of the exposure by Timothy Leary and the social change that occurred in the United States around then. The utilization of LSD crested in the mid 1970s and afterward started to consistently decrease (Dye, 1992, p. 120). Color ascribes this to three factors: the expanding number of terrible excursions detailed, theory of LSD related chromosomal harm, and different medications, for example, mescaline and psilocybin getting progressively common. By the late 1970s, LSD use had declined significantly further the same number of medication clients went to weed, PCP, cocaine, heroin, and inhalants (Dye, 1992, p. 128). While these medications are still in far reaching use, a resurgence of LSD use has been found as of late (Corcoran, 1987, p.1A). The 1987 National Household Survey of Drug Abuse expressed that three percent of understudies between the ages of twelve and seventeen had tried dif ferent things with at least one psychedelic drugs, fourteen percent of youthful grown-ups ages eighteen to twenty-five and seven percent of grown-ups twenty-six and over had attempted stimulants in any event once. (Mendelson,94) LSD empowers me to open my brain, and animates my innovativeness. It causes me to think obviously and helps my composition. LSD causes me to act naturally, said a sixteen-year-old LSD client. Does LSD upgrade the mind or decay it? This isn't completely known. Since LSDs consequences for the cerebrum have not been completely decided, an exact decision about the medication can't be made. It has been built up that LSD can cause poisonous responses and even passing because of the unusualness of the medication. Is harming yourself defense for mind development? For some it is. Will we ever know how risky a medication LSD is? With further logical research despite everything occurring, this inquiry will before long be replied. Class: Scie

How Life has been Good to me Essay

I am a cheerful individual. I have everything that I would ever need in my life. I am single, but then I have the organization and companionship of many. I have a great job, satisfactory cash in the bank, and a decent house. By and by, I am of the firm conviction that whether I have these material things, I will stay a glad individual. A person’s satisfaction can be founded on an assortment of things, which could be of substantial or ethereal nature. Satisfaction is an inclination that depends on an individual’s way of speculation, reasoning throughout everyday life, or strict conviction. Satisfaction could comprise in having nothing to stress over, or being in the organization of friends and family. The wellspring of bliss is as exceptional as each distinctive individual. (Reasoning †Life †Happiness †Creativity). My satisfaction depends on my energy about each easily overlooked detail that God has placed in my manner. I understand that I have been fortunate on the grounds that I don't live in neediness. I am lucky enough to have material things that make my life agreeable. I am additionally being set up to act naturally adequate, as I am experiencing school. For these endowments, I have no other choice however to be cheerful. I am idealistic about how a mind-blowing remainder will turn out. I am trusting it would at present be as lovely as the present, in spite of the fact that I would not be miserable on the off chance that I experience some harsh street ahead. I accept preliminaries make individuals solid. At long last, I trust I owe my bliss to God, who is the motivation behind why I am getting a charge out of everything that I have in the present, or will have later on. I likewise accept that God is the motivation behind why there is no second in my life that I feel unfilled. I realize that I will feel cheerful, for whatever length of time that I have God looking out for me. Reference Theory †Life †Happiness †Creativity. Recovered February 18, 2007, from http://huizen. daxis. nl/~henkt/bliss. htm

Psychology Training, Degree Levels, and Careers

Psychology Training, Degree Levels, and Careers Student Resources Careers Print Psychology Training, Degree Levels, and Careers By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 17, 2019 asiseeit/Getty Images   More in Student Resources Careers APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips If you are interested in seeing a psychologist or even thinking of a career in psychology, you might find yourself wondering exactly what type of training these mental health professionals have. What kind of training do you need to be a psychologist? What sort of training do different mental health professionals possess? The answers to these questions vary quite a bit because there are several degree options that can ultimately lead to the title of psychologist as well as differing requirements for various states. Learn more about the level of education and training required for a variety of positions in psychology. The Basic Training A masters degree or doctorate are required to become qualified as a psychologist. There are a variety of degree options to choose from, and the career options available at each level can vary. Doctoral Degrees in Psychology In order to become a licensed clinical or counseling psychologist, a doctorate degree is required. There are two types of doctorate degrees to choose from: the Ph.D. and the PsyD. The traditional Ph.D. in psychology degree is a research-focused degree that usually qualifies graduates to work in the field of clinical or counseling psychology, depending upon the focus of their program. Earning a Ph.D. also qualifies psychologists to teach at the university level, conduct research, and practice at mental health clinics, hospitals, schools, private industry, government, and private practice. The PsyD, or Doctor of Psychology is a more practice-based educational model. Psychologists who earn a PsyD usually work as clinicians in mental health settings and may also work in private practice. It usually takes around five to seven years of graduate study to complete a doctoral degree in psychology. Those enrolled in Ph.D. programs complete a final dissertation that is based on original research, while those enrolled in PsyD programs may complete more clinical work and examinations instead of a dissertation. Counseling and clinical psychology programs also require an internship that usually lasts one to two years. It is important to note that with either degree option, earning a degree alone is not enough to become a licensed psychologist. Once a degree has been earned, aspiring psychologists must take required professional licensing exams in order to qualify to practice in their state. Specialist Degrees In most states, those interested in becoming school psychologists must complete a specialist degree in school psychology. The EdS degree in school psychology usually takes a minimum of three years to complete and consists of at least 60 graduate credit hours. In addition to the course requirements, students must also complete a one-year internship. Masters Degrees in Psychology A masters degree in psychology requires at least two years of graduate level coursework beyond the undergraduate level. Professionals with a masters degree sometimes work in mental health under the direct supervision of a licensed clinical psychologist. Masters programs can also prepare students to become industrial-organizational psychologists, although many choose to continue on to earn their doctorate. According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook, the competition to get into graduate psychology programs can be tough. Although it is possible to get into psychology graduate school if you have an undergraduate degree in a non-related topic, having a bachelors degree in psychology can boost your chances of admission. Strong grades and a good score on the GRE and GRE Psychology Subject test may also boost your chances of earning a spot in a psychology graduate program. What About a Bachelors Degree in Psychology? Earning a bachelors degree in psychology alone will not qualify you to possess the title of psychologist, but it can be a great way to get into an entry-level psychology career or as a basis for entry into a psychology graduate program. A bachelors degree in psychology can serve as a stepping stone to further graduate study, or it may prepare students to work in a variety of entry-level jobs. According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook, jobs at the bachelors level tend to be limited. The College Majors Handbook reports that fewer than 25 percent of people with a bachelors degree in psychology find work in jobs that are closely related to their college major. Instead, many find work in areas that are indirectly related such as social work or market research. The U.S. Bureau of Labor reports that people with more than 24 semester hours in psychology and at least one statistics course can qualify for entry-level positions with the Federal Government. However, the competition for these jobs is particularly fierce since it is one of the few sectors of employment where one can work as a psychologist without holding a graduate level degree. Undergraduate psychology interested in pursuing career options should be encouraged to learn more about this field. They should discuss options with their counselors regarding what different types of psychologists do, where they work, how much they make, what type of training is needed, and what the job outlook is like for professionals in this field.

Do You Have What Stanford’s Looking For

If you’re planning to apply to Stanford GSB, you know your application must be exceptional to get noticed. W: when you’re competing for a spot at a top program that accepts less than 6% of its applicants, you need to stand out! How can you make a great case for admission? Step #1: Show that you’re a great fit. Step #2: Show that you stand out! Of course, there are other key strategies you’ll need, too – and that’s why we’ve created our upcoming free, live webinar, Get Accepted to Stanford GSB, to guide you through a proven framework for application success. And because we know your time is valuable, we’ve packed it all into just one hour. Join us on Wednesday, July 10th at either 10am PT/1pm ET or 5pm PT/8pm ET (choose the best time for you). The webinar is free, but you must reserve your spot. Reserve your spot: hbspt.forms.create({ portalId: "58291", formId: "1d720587-eefc-4a5a-a370-fd3ac15f4666" }); For 25 years, Accepted has helped business school applicants gain acceptance to top programs. Our outstanding team of MBA admissions consultants features former business school admissions directors and professional writers who have guided our clients to admission at top MBA, EMBA, and other graduate business programs worldwide including Harvard, Stanford, Wharton, Booth, INSEAD, London Business School, and many more.  Want an MBA admissions expert  to help you get Accepted? Click here to get in touch!

Essay on Plagiarism

Essay on Plagiarism Plagiarism is an intentional appropriation of ideas, inventions, words and masterpieces, created by other people and passing them off as one’s own. Plagiarism is prosecuted by the law and very much disrespected by people in general. There exist several types of plagiarism, known nowadays: Stealing the ideas or words of another person and passing them off as one’s own. Using the results of other person’s work without indicating the origin they were taken from. Stealing a piece of literature. Representing an already existing idea (product) as a new and original one. Of course, while writing any type of research, it is impossible to build your own ideas and assumptions without considering the researches on the same topic, held by other people. But to avoid plagiarism, one has to follow simple, but necessary rules. They are such as following: Whenever you use the words of another author in your research, use quotation marks and make proper reference. Do not paraphrase. Put into words your own ideas and thoughts the way you would do that, and not the way some respected author does. Don’t be ambiguous in revealing the author of the words you are using. Develop you own style of writing and do not try to be a spitting image of the author you are fond of. Imitation is always obvious for an experienced reader. Never start writing on a topic you do not understand. Deep understanding of an idea you are trying to convey in your research paper or an essay is the best assistant in finding your own proper words and expression, that will build up you style and make you a gifted author.

The Accomplishments of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand...

Many people have heard of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. However, only some know of all the things they accomplished. They might be best known for funding the voyages of Christopher Columbus, but they also greatly contributed to the unity of Spain (â€Å"Isabella l†). Together, they brought many kingdoms on the Iberian Peninsula together to form what Spain is today. Through Spain’s unification, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella strengthened Spain into an economic and dominant world power, enabling the spread of Christianity and the colonization of a New World. Before the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Moors were in control of much of the Iberian Peninsula. They desperately wanted to unite Spain and turn it into a†¦show more content†¦When Granada was finally taken control of, Isabella and Ferdinand began to take notice of Columbus’ proposition. They realized that the outcome would be very beneficial to their kingdom, and it would no t cost much money for them to fund the expedition (â€Å"Queen Isabella’s Influence in the New World†). They had also recently discovered some islands to the west, so they thought there could be more. They concluded that funding Columbus was worth the effort (In Depth Info). Ferdinand and Isabella knew that in order to bolster Spain they needed new sources of funding themselves. They turned to the pope and he gave them rights to build the Catholic Church in areas where the Moors had been driven from. He also published decrees giving them control over the funds in the Americas. The Church became a crucial utensil in developing royal absolutism. The New World also proved to be a great source of revenue for Spain (â€Å"Ferdinand V†). Columbus started out on his first voyage in the middle of 1492. It turned out to be a great success and he won Spain many places in South America. The king, queen, and the people of Spain were pleased with Columbus. Isabella immediat ely ordered him to sail again. On this second voyage, he formed the first European settlement in the Americas. Colonists that accompanied him began to criticize Columbus and his adventures. However, Isabella continued to support him. Columbus alsoShow MoreRelated Queen Isabella I Essay1198 Words   |  5 Pagesroyal decedents. She became Queen at the age of twenty four. She was the first women to be on an US commutative coin. Who is this very accomplished person? Queen Isabella. Bold and daring, Queen Isabella accomplished many things in her thirty years of rein as Queen of Castile and Aragon. Queen Isabella was born on April 22, 1451 in Madrigal, Old Castile. Her mother was Isabella of Portugal and her dad was John the II of Castile. Her mom and dad were King and Queen of Castile. She had two brothersRead MoreChristopher Columbus : The True Agenda Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesColumbus attempted to convince King John II of Portugal but King John II rejected Columbus’s proposal after consulting with other explorers and mariners whom he trusted. The explorers and mariners King John II consulted, claimed that Columbus’s idea was frankly absurd and virtually impossible. After being humiliated and discouraged, Columbus attempted to convince King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. But after his first meeting with the king and queen of Spain to discuss the journey he wishedRead MoreThe Life of Juan Ponce de Leon548 Words   |  2 PagesPonce de Leon’s birthplace and birthdate are not known for sure. Based on their research, historians believe Ponc e de Leon was born in either 1460 or 1474. He is thought to be born in Tierra de Campos. Tierra de Campos is a village in northwestern Spain. He was likely born into a noble family. Noble families sons’ were sent to work for famous nobleman. Working for a nobleman would help further his education to become a knight. First, Ponce de Leon became a page to Pedro Nunez de Guzman. As a pageRead MoreWhy Is Christopher Columbus A Hero1466 Words   |  6 Pagesprovided by primary sources from Columbus’ journal and letters written to (wherever). Valuable information was also gained from in class lectures and discussions. Even though Christopher Columbus was a villain in many ways, He had many great accomplishments in his life time. Because of his voyage across the Atlantic Columbus gets a lot of credit for discovering America, The fact that Columbus didnt actually discover America isnt the idea that is most disturbing when considering misleading historyRead MoreBiography of Chirstopher Columbus1081 Words   |  4 Pagesto different parts of the world. He was a navigator and an explorer, knowing his waters really well. Columbus experiences many life threatening events on his journeys, however he was a strong man and usually came back alive. Columbus made many accomplishments with his journeys, which benefited the British more than anything. Columbus opened a trading route to the new world named the Americas. Christopher Columbus started sailing, when he was just a teenager. His first voyage wasnt very pleasingRead MoreEssay On Christopher Columbus1530 Words   |  7 Pagesfinding a route to the riches that were in the west indies. He landed on an island, and this was how what we know as America was discovered and referenced as the New World. We even have a day set aside here in the United States to celebrate his accomplishment. It is difficult to believe that growing up we were taught history that was so inaccurate. Who was first to come to what we now call the Americas? There are many theories from the Chinese to Irish Monks and the Vikings. Some are a legend, andRead MoreThe Discovery Of Christopher Columbus1474 Words   |  6 Pagesnavigated the famous â€Å"Santa Maria† and two other smaller ships across the Atlantic Ocean in search of Asia. Inadvertently, Columbus and his crew arrived in the New World for one clear objective, to find a long term source of wealth for the King and Queen of Spain. In return of these new riches, preferably gold, he would be rewarded with ten percent of the profits and governorship over newfound land (40). This objective soon turned Columbus towards a search for his own power. Upon first arriving inRead MoreA Disappeared World By Chris Lowney1545 Words   |  7 Pages A vanished World written by Chris Lowney chronicles the daily life of the Jews, Muslims and Christians, living in the Muslim kingdoms in Medieval Spain. He covers different spectrum of this world that was torn by religious antagonism. In Medieval Spain, in the medieval Spanish villages Muslims, Christians, and Jews rubbed shoulders on a daily basis. They shared irrigation system, bathhouses, municipal ovens, and marketplaces. But they created a system that made everything work efficiently. MedievalRead MoreSephardic Jewish Pirates and the Caribbean Connection3050 Words   |  13 PagesCAME TO JAMAICA It was January 1492. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain had finally conquered the Moors and the royal coffers were empty. In return for Christopher Columbus’ courageous expedition to chart a new water route to India, King Ferdinand agreed to the condition that Columbus and his descendants would rule any new land he discovered on his way. The stipulation of hereditary rule for Columbus was crucial to Jews situated in Spain on the eve of the expulsion. Where couldRead MoreAp European History Outline Chapter 10 Essay example5639 Words   |  23 Pagesprovided humanists guidelines for the standard of education and etiquette to which a member of court ought to aspire * Christine de Pisan wrote many poems, but most notably The Treasure of the City of Ladies, which was a chronicle of the accomplishments of the great women of history * The Florentine Academy and the Revival of Platonism * Unlike their medieval predecessors who embraced Aristotle, Renaissance scholars embraced the Greek scholar Plato * Platonism appealed

Homeschooling Is More Appropriate For Today’S Student Due

Homeschooling is more appropriate for today’s student due to the increase in bullying, peer and social pressures due to fitting in, overcrowded classrooms, and too much government regulations. Homeschooling offers more real-life, hands-on field trip type experiences, and more personal instruction. Unfortunately, bullying, peer pressure, and overcrowded classrooms for both student and teachers are in every school no matter if it is a public school, private, or charter school. Bullying is one of the top reasons parents choose to homeschool their children. A study was done by Dorothy Espelage (2016) that found â€Å"Students who reported increases in bullying also reported a decrease in school belongingness and teacher affiliation, and†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Crowded classroom conditions not only make it difficult for students to concentrate on their lessons, but inevitably limit the number of time teachers can spend on innovative teaching methods such as cooperative learning or group work or, indeed on teaching anything beyond the barest minimum of required material† (Burnett, Rivera-Batiz, Marti 1995 p. 1). Students will disrupt the teaching atmosphere because they just don’t want to learn or just don’t understand what is being taught. So, what better way to not learn when the teacher can’t teach. There are some schools out there that â€Å"Students find themselves trying to learn while jammed into spaces never i ntended as a classroom, such as libraries, gymnasiums, laboratories, lunchrooms, and even closets† (Burnett, Rivera-Batiz, Marti 1995 p. 1). Some states are having a problem with distinct social issues, poverty, international exchange students, or just plain out economy growth do to jobs coming into the state. All of this will lead to overcrowding of the school systems. Unfortunately, all of this will lead up to low-grade point average and poor grades on the national test score that the state and government require. When Grade Point Average is affected, then their chance for college administration and scholarships is in danger. According to C. Winstanley (2009), â€Å"a lack of challenge, difficulties withShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Homeschooling1609 Words   |  7 Pages Homeschooling is not a new concept to the United States, and for many centuries it was the only way for children to get an education. Many of our founding fathers were homeschooled, proving there is nothing wrong with homeschooling, and to this day it continues to provide children with an adequate education. Many parents believe that public school is satisfactory. However, they feel that homeschooling is a better option because it provides a safer environment for their children and more conduciveRead MoreThe Importance of Maintaining Gifted Programs: Schools Must Not Neglect Gifted Children1164 Words   |  5 Pagesto remember that although a gifted child may be very talented and advanced in one area, he is still a child in others (Tolan 3). Another area that is related to different developmental levels is that many times a gifted child may be gifted in one or more areas while being average or learning disabled in another. There are two distinct types of gifted children, those who are generalists - who learn large quantities of information in several areas, and specialists - who are highly gifted

Problem Solution Essay - 1636 Words

a Yasmin Leal Air Pollution Introduction- (Attention Getter) When people think about air pollution, they usually think about smog, acid rain, and other forms of outdoor air pollutants. But did you know that air pollution can exist inside homes and buildings? In the article â€Å"Air Pollution Fatalities Now Exceed Traffic Fatalities by 3 to 1†, Bernie Roberts (2002) says that 70,000 people die each year from the effects of air pollution. This outrageous number of people dying is because of human activities that release substances into the air that cause health problems. (Credibility Relevancy) Nobody wants to die because of polluted air, and this wish is shared by†¦show more content†¦B. Possible Solution #2: Another solution to air pollution is cautiously using any kind of chemicals. 1. Detailed Explanation: People need to buy and use products that are environmentally friendly, natural, and/or non-toxic for cleaning, painting, and hygiene. For example, you could use vinegar and water instead of Windex and other bleach or chlorine-based cleaners around your house. This is not only cheaper but also safer for people and their pets. 2. Evidence: According to the National Council for Science and the Environment’s article Air Pollution Causes and Effects† (2011), people should buy products that come in pump-spray bottles instead of aerosols, buy low-solvent paints, and keep chemicals tightly sealed to prevent home air pollution. 3. Drawbacks: A drawback for this solution is the products that people want to use may not come in environmentally friendly containers, or the harmful ones may be cheaper and easier to find than the â€Å"green† choices. C. Possible Solution #3: A third solution to air pollution is recycling. 1. Detailed Explanation: People should recycle their paper and plastics instead of burning or sending trash to the dump. Burning trash made of certain plastics and chemicals can cause toxic smoke and air pollution. Also, just throwing away your waste only adds to our Earth’s litter and land and water pollution problems. 2. Evidence: We can decrease and prevent air pollution by recycling materialsShow MoreRelatedProblem Solution Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesNGARUIYA4 Mary Ngaruiya John Zamparelli English comp Problem solution essay Final Draft. GANG VIOLENCE IN AMERICAN SCHOOLS There are approximately 27,900 gangs, with 774,000 members, impacting towns, cities, and communities across the United States. According to a recent bulletin released by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 23 percent of students aged 12 through 18 years reported presence of street gangs in their schools. Almost half (46%) of students in publicRead MoreProblem/Solution Essay623 Words   |  3 Pagesbody tremendously. Smoking can damage your lungs, brain, and heart. Smoking is a problem not only for human beings, but for America as a whole. Smoking pollutes the air. Cigarettes are made from 4,000 different chemical compounds and 400 toxic substances. Smoking is also bad for America because of â€Å"second-hand smoke†. We roam around in a universe polluted by smoke. This is why smoking cigarettes is a problem. Smokers need to realize that they are not only damaging themselves, but the others aroundRead MoreProblem Solution Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pagescause health problems. (Credibility Relevancy) Nobody wants to die because of polluted air, and this wish is shared by most human beings. (Thesis Preview) It is not just humans who are adversely affected by air pollution but also plants, living organisms, and the natural environment. Something must be done to decrease and potentially prevent air pollution from harming mankind and the other living organisms on Earth. Body- I. Problem: Air pollution is a significant cause of health problems and eventualRead MoreGovernment is the Problem, Not the Solution Essay1011 Words   |  5 PagesRonald Reagan once claimed â€Å"government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem. Over time history has been able to back up what Reagan once asserted. In a nation rich in history such as the United States, it is easy to go in either direction with this debate yet the state of the nation usual depicts which direction the people choose. A time such as now, where our great nation has been less fortunate in its last decade yet has found a way to climb out of the dust, it is a perfectRead MoreProblem Solution Essay On Abortion1736 Words   |  7 PagesDejenara Williams Ms. Milliner EES22GQ-04 May, 28 2017 Problem-solution Essay Whenever anyone ever brings up abortion, it s clearly a very opinionated subject. Opinions coming from all. Meaning men and women of a wide age range raised to learn and believe all sorts of religions. Even though this procedure is clearly only done to females, clearly. Everything about this topic is important, because depending on the side he or she is for pro-life or the opposite it s all based off of the personalRead MoreEssay Solutions to the Problem of Deforestation688 Words   |  3 PagesSolutions to the Problem of Deforestation Personal: There are many things that one can do personally to rectify the problem of Deforestation. These include such things as using wood sparingly, planting indigenous trees, purchasing the most ecologically sensitive products, recycling paper, reducing consumption of wood related products, communicating your opinions to the proper authorities, calling on forestry companies to act responsibly, and more. Education, howeverRead MoreManagement Problems and Solutions Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagesperform total quality management, lean six sigma, or simply downsize. Management may even identify symptoms without actually identifying the problem. Management may misdiagnose the problem by identifying a person or group of people as problems. While correctly recognizing problems, there are more on the verge and it is up to management to mitigate potential problems. Sometimes managers need to realize that the answers they seek are right before they eyes; they only simply need to look in a mirror. Read MoreEssay on System Problem and Solution966 Words   |  4 PagesThe Alameida Video club had some problems and difficulties with their current system. The programmer of the system left to Belgium and they were in need of help. This business needs to be up and running again in 3 days. Description of task The Alameida Video club had some problems and difficulties with their current system. The programmer of the system left to Belgium and they were in need of help. 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(Daily) A majority of the American people lives paycheck to paycheck, and according to statistics, we are only one or two paychecks away from becoming homeless. While there are many reasons a person or family can become homeless, a majority of those problems come from a lack of

Uniform Code of Military Justice Free Essays

Article 92 is perhaps the most important article in the entire Uniform Code of Military Justice. It lays down the ground law, which is the absolute line that may not be crossed. Everything else in the UCMJ is an explanation of the various forms that disobeying an order can take. We will write a custom essay sample on Uniform Code of Military Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now Without the support given by Article 92, service members would be free to do whatever they want, whenever they want, and wouldn’t be any more accountable than a civilian could in a civilian job. However, service members are held to a higher standard. We are the line that protects this country and we are the defense against the storm. Without us, this country would not exist and could not exist. And for that, I have to follow the orders and instructions given by anyone appointed over me. The fact that I didn’t get to an appointment on time showed lack of accountability on my part, a lack of discipline to follow orders I was given and a lack of respect to those who are appointed over me as a leader. I failed to be at my place of duty, which costs the Army money for another Soldier who could’ve been at that appointment and been on time. The military can only function if orders, when given, are obeyed. We would like to trust in the honesty and integrity of the Soldiers who made that oath and put their lives on the line for their country. The truth is that there are many out there that, if not given a clear set of rules, will not follow the rules. Will not care about the punishments, will not be productive or efficient members of the military machine. That is why Article 92, and the entire UCMJ, are necessary. They reinforce the behavior of those who do the right thing, promoting it and praising it. They punish those who do not do the right thing, undercutting and stamping out such behaviors. With such a system, the bad eggs, those who are unable to fit into the machine, will be ground up by it and spit out. Broken, incomplete, forever bemoaning the lack of foresight and flexibility that would have saved them. Accountability in the Army is paramount to the successful completion of the mission. It is a soldier’s personal responsibility to keep all his or her items accountable at all times. This ensures that the Army mission will be completed and that the soldier will remain prepared at all times. On a daily basis, thousands of Soldiers are seen at appointments varying anywhere from surgery on better eye sight to putting a broken foot into a cast for 6 weeks to heal. Appointments can be located anywhere on or off post depending on the type of appointment or preference of the Soldier. It is every Soldier’s right to choose where they would like to receive health care services. The Army spends Billions of dollars on medical supplies, medications, the latest and newest high tech equipment, and the healthcare facilities and the healthcare providers. When a Soldier misses an appointment, the Army’s money is then wasted. Money that could have been used on something such as new trucks, weapons and equipment. With budget cuts on funds within the ranks, missing an appointment is money the Army could use elsewhere. Of all the complications for military funding due to budget cuts, missing an appointment should not factor into it at all. Budget cuts have influenced the Chain of Command and their decisions on requiring Soldiers to pay out of pocket for their missed appointment. The government was starting to discuss having Soldiers pay out of pocket for their missed appointments. Have the Soldier pay out of pocket for the injuries received in an accident because they neglected their profile restrictions. Whether this has taken effect now or it will in the future, Soldiers will be less likely to miss any kind of appointment. If the responsibility were to fall on the shoulder of each individual Soldier, the Army would more than likely not have to inflict budget cuts and â€Å"Troop Cuts† we have all been reading about in The Army Times. If each Soldier were accountable for paying for their appointments, there wouldn’t be another wasted appointment because the Soldier was forgetful. It is every Soldiers responsibility to be healthy and remain in a fit condition. When Soldiers fails to do so however, the consequences can be catastrophic or even fatal in some cases. Best example, a Soldier has a tooth ache but ignores it because he or she thinks it’s a sign of weakness, that tooth ache can develop into something much worse than a cavity filling, the Soldier could end up being hospitalized because they didn’t take care of the issue when it was small. They ignored their MEDPROs warning about being past due for a check in. This action seems small, but when the Soldiers fall out of the ranks because they needed more medical attention such as surgery. That unit needs to replace that Soldier to remain fit and ready to deploy. This can led to issues and financial problems within that unit. Their down a Soldier, which means they have to file paperwork to request a Soldier to replace him. That leads to more money to have that new Soldier coming in for travel and new training. Everything costs money. From the paper we use to request a Soldier to the training that he or she must receive so they can be ready to deploy on a mission. All of that money spent on the new Soldier could have been completely avoided if the Soldier had not ignored his MEDPROs dental warning. Something so small, like a tooth ache, turned in all new training requirements for a new and unprepared Soldier to keep a unit ready for a mission. If Soldiers were required to pay out of pocket for all of their appointments they made, the Army could spend more money where it is needed most. Such things are better training for Soldiers, Officers and Non-Commissioned Officers, better equipment for deployed units and faster approval on funding. This increase in money in better areas can lead to more successful missions and fewer fatalities on the battle field because the equipment is more accurate. Soldiers have been trained to the highest level, instead of just the basics for life saver course. The Army can afford to push every Soldier through the advanced kind of training needed to save lives. All of this could happen if every Soldier was held responsible for their actions of missing an appointment. Including, if every Soldier made it to all their appointments on time. If every Soldier was paying out of pocket for their appointments, the bigger picture we see is more saved lives in the combat zone. Every Soldier has the right to be seen for health issues. The well being of every Soldier, whether it’s their mental state or their physical health, is required for the best combat ready Soldier the Army has. That is the reality in today’s forces. The citizens of our country need us at our highest peak in health. So when unexplainable and tragic accident such as 9/11 ever happens again, a forgotten dental appointment will not hold out any Soldier. The responsibility in accountability is every single individual’s duty for themselves and their team. The rank is not a concern when compared to responsibility. No one is singled out. It is my responsibility and my responsibility alone to maintain my physical and mental health state. I have to maintain myself at the highest level for Soldier readiness. That is my responsibility, no one else’s. However, in the long run, I affect someone else’s life if I neglect that responsibility. A simple phone call to change the time of my appointment could have avoided all of this. Neglecting to call was a failure on my part completely. I do not blame nor will I blame anyone but me. On the next appointment, I will be sure to make my appointment on time with enough reminders that it would be impossible not to forget. This standard for accountability needs to be a high priority of every Soldier who does not know much about the Army. Such as young privates coming out of Basic and AIT, can be trained and carry on the standard for responsibility and accountability. So future funds can be focused more for the training and not for missed appointments. How to cite Uniform Code of Military Justice, Papers

Ethical Scandals of Volkswagen and 7 Eleven

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Scandals of Volkswagen and 7 Eleven. Answer: Introduction: The ethical practices in organizations have been a raging topic of discussion among the corporate houses and among the masses since the scandals of the car manufacturer Volkswagen and Australias biggest convenience store chain 7 eleven came into the news for all the wrong reasons. The engineers at Volkswagen installed a software during the manufacturing process of their cars that made the vehicle pass the emission test even if the emission levels were above the predefined limits. This had been going on for seven years before the United States Environmental Protection Agency issued a legal notice to the organization. This implied millions of profit and eleven million vehicles that were below the specified vehicular emission limits. Another setback to the ethical practices at the corporate houses was when ABCs Four Corners released a report that brought out in public how the largest convenience store chain in Australia 7 eleven had been ripping its workers off. They were exploiting the foreign nationals by making them work and paying them half of what they were supposed to be paid as per the legal directives (Rhodes, 2015). The Volkswagen emissions scandal was brought to the public by the scientist working at a clean air NGO in a United States University. The diesel cars manufactured by Volkswagen were marketed as the cars with low emission and this revelation, not just caused Martin Winterkorn the CEO of the organization to resign, but also impacted the sales figures and tarnished the reputation of the organization due to bad publicity. The management of Volkswagen also faced legal action and has to defend themselves against the criminal charges. The organization admitted that 11 million of the manufactured diesel cars were equipped with the software that rigged the vehicle emission test performed to check the emission levels of harmful gases produced by a vehicle. The software was able to register the starting time of the emission test and reduced the vehicular emission exactly for the time the test lasted. This was done by modifying the components of the car that reduced the performance and consequen tly the emission levels. The on road testing of the vehicles revealed that the actual emission level of the vehicles was almost 40 times the permitted levels by the environmental authorities. This is touted to be a disaster of corporate governance and management (Ferguson Toft, 2015). The 7 eleven convenience store chain was exploiting and underpaying the workers, particularly foreign nationals and was compared to the ancient medieval slavery. The franchisee stores of 7 eleven were paying the workers about half of the wage mandated by the Australian law. Just like Volkswagen, the revelation of 7 elevens unethical practices also resulted in the resignation of its CEO and the Chairperson. They also started paying incentives to the franchisee owners found to be adhering to the ethical standards. It is a lesson to all the leaders and the organizations involved in unethical practices. The results of these can be delayed, but not avoided. ABCs Four Corners and Fairfax pointed out that the issue was not limited to a small number of franchisees as claimed by 7 eleven, but a common practice among the franchisees of the convenience store all over the place (Ross, 2015). A majority of the victims of these scams was the migrant population who were not the permanent citizens o f Australia. They were easy prey and the organization was able to leverage their insecurity related to their visa permits and permissible work hours. Instances like these are eye openers for the leaders of the organizations that a constant check on the ethical functioning is needed in order to save the organization from a disaster like this. The customers, partners, big financial institutions and all the other stakeholders alike have lost their trust on these organizations and they are struggling to regain it. Volkswagen has recalled the cars that are found to be unfit for the roads and 7 elevens top management has claimed to have no knowledge of this scandal happening in their franchisee stores. The chief executives and boards must take this as a lesson and ensure adherence to ethical working in their organization. Any suspicion of misconduct should be treated with sincerity and not neglected. The self assessment and introspection of organizations brings about a lot of value to the working and must be done regularly by all. This will prevent another ethical misconduct scandal from happening and will nip it in the bud itself. Although Volkswagen and 7 eleven are not the only organizations that have been charged for unethical practices, the enormity of these cases is a setback to the entire corporate environment. The adherence to business ethics is not just the responsibility of the business houses but also of the society. It is about self regulation of the organization and the practices that the businessmen can put into place in order to ensure ethical functioning and righteousness (James, 2016). The ethical decision making in both these cases was in a sorry state and they had to bear the consequences for the same. Adherence to ethical business standards boosts the morale of the employees and the goodwill of the organization. It is good for the public relation building and makes the customers trust the organizations more. It ensures smooth functioning of the organization and certifies the safety of the employees and the management against any legal repercussions. Considering the overall pros and cons of t he ethical practices and their adherence, in the long run, it is more rewarding for the organizations to work ethically instead of making quick money by engaging in unethical practices and ethical failures are not something the organizations can escape from. The repercussions have to be borne by the organization sooner or later (Somers, 2001). Importance of ethics in leadership Ethical leadership is not a fad or an ongoing trend. Choosing to practice ethical leadership in business is the first step in creating a ethical business environment. Ethical leadership creates the code of conduct that shapes the organization and its actions that includes the employee interaction, workplace activities, customer dealing and public relations. An ethical leader inspires and motivates the employees to work towards an ethically harmonious society. The responsibilities as an organizational leader are immense. Ethical leaders recognize their responsibilities and provide moral guidance to their subordinates (Freeman, 2006). There are various examples, including the ones mentioned in the above case study where the lack of ethical leadership has resulted in the loss of reputation and finances and have even collapsed the businesses. The affects of unethical leadership result in loss of money, goodwill and trust of the employees, customers and the public. The organizational lead ers are looked up by their subordinates and they influence the working of the organization in more ways than one. The organizational employees tend to follow and imitate their leader and therefore, it becomes important for an organizational leader to act ethically (Mihelic Lipicnik, 2010). Leaders influence the organizational environment and shape it by their ways of working and decisions. The people working in an organization have a tendency to take behavioral cues from one another and follow the leaders consciously or subconsciously. It therefore becomes important for the leaders to be mindful of their actions and choices. Ethical leadership kick starts the ethical conduct, and drives the organization towards an ethically correct way of working. Ethics define the business decision making of the organization and they provide a guideline on how to operate and how to treat the employees, customers and the public (Butts, 2012). Although the organizations are expected to adhere to certain ethics and principles, the leaders are the driving force of these and they are the medium through which the ethical conduct is communicated and popularized in the organization. People who lead ethically are revered in the society and considered role models. Ethical leaders are the people who can hold themselves and their employees accountable. They help with the manifestation of ethical culture into every function of the organization. The results of ethical leadership are profound and widespread. These days the workplaces are evolving and becoming more transparent and collaborative. The organizations are becoming increasingly employee centric (Nath, 2009). While we have so many examples of businesses going down the drain due to unfair and unethical practices, we can give just as many references to the organizations who have gained a lot and attained great heights by following the ethical path by having strong business ethics as the backbone of all their operations. The organizations like American Express, Target, Cisco etc have topped the list of most ethical organizations more times than one. These organizations and their employees not only boast of the achievement, but are also more trusting and have respect for the organization that they work with. Organizations have much to gain by popularizing and applying ethical conduct. Ethical code of conduct and its implementation not only makes the organization a better place to work in, it also leads to profit generation and contributes to positive publicity of the organization (Kokemuller, 2015). The leaders must have a clear understanding of the ethical standing and the dos and donts of the ethical conduct and the same must be communicated throughout the organization. They may be communicated differently among different divisions, but the basic idea for them must stay the same. The organization must provide with trainings and workshops on the code of conduct to be followed and is necessary to have an understanding of what the organization aims for, the path that they have followed and they practices they wish to promote for this (Nijhof Olaf Fisscher, 1997). Leadership development and positive business ethics building in an organization helps the business to evolve and the employees tend to trust the organization more as compared to the ones where this is found to be missing. The subordinates look up to their leaders in so many ways and ethical conduct is just one of them. Therefore the leaders must always be mindful of their words and actions. The subordinates watch them v ery closely and are highly likely to follow their lead when it comes to ethical behavior (Education, 2016).. The leaders must practice what they preach and be sure that their behavior is being observed closely. They must follow the principles and values that they want to instill in their followers and ensure that they abide by the ethical conduct at all times. The leaders must know how to infuse the organization with ethical conduct and fair practices. A positive and ethical culture not only creates a better organizational culture, but also rewards the employees and the organization. The organizations following ethical standards have found to be more profitable and the employee turnover in these organizations is very low. This is primarily because the employees are aware of the fair work practices and have trust in the organization. This further reduces the cost of hiring, training and replacing the employees (Sadler, 2011). Thus we can see that ethical leadership is very important to create and maintain an ethically sound work environment. The employees have a tendency to follow the leader and the leader also has the responsibility to show and not just say. It therefore becomes the responsibility of the leaders to show the right way and guide the subordinates and consequently the entire organization towards becoming an ethically sound and fair organization (Buren, 2010). Changes required in organizational climate to make it more ethical An ethical leader needs to put in a lot of time and efforts to make the organizational functioning ethical. With the overnight millionaire and quick money dreams, the people today are impatient and want to taste the success without any delay. The means for the success is often overlooked and thus it is fairly common to see the organizations get involved I scams and scandals related to lying, cheating, manipulation etc. These ways however can prove to be fatal for the long term health of the organization. Thus, it is important for the leaders and the employees to understand the importance of ethical conduct. Good ethics always lead to good business after all (Trevio Weaver, 2006). The strategies that the organizations can follow to make the working ethically correct have been provided by the experts. These include the adoption of the following practices. The primary step towards the adherence of ethical behavior is to have a clear rule book and understanding of what is right and what is wrong. This includes everything in the organization from attitudes, attire, dos and donts and behavior towards the leaders,, subordinates, customers and the public. The people have often touted how the organizational culture varies from one organization to the other. All the companies have both spoke and unspoken guidelines on how to behave as a part of their organization. Most of the expectations and norms are not specified in written, but are implicit and can only be understood once the employee becomes a part of the company. However, different organizations have different approaches towards the ethical code of conduct (Elango, et al., 2010). While most of them have clearly l isted the dos and donts, some do not pay much heed to it. It must be noted that it is of prime importance for all the organizations to precisely and unambiguously communicate the code of conduct for the employees to have a clear understanding of the same. This is the first step towards making the organization ethically inclined. The next expectation from the leaders is to lead by example. The people in an organization tend to model the behavior of others and this is specifically true for the leaders. The subordinates look up to their leaders in so many ways and ethical conduct is just one of them. Therefore the leaders must always be mindful of their words and actions. The subordinates watch them very closely and are highly likely to follow their lead when it comes to ethical behavior. The leaders must practice what they preach and be sure that their behavior is being observed closely. They must follow the principles and values that they want to instill in their followers and ensure that they abide by the ethical conduct at all times. Another strategy that is practiced to ensure ethical behavior is that the leaders must reinforce the behavior that they want and not the one that they want the employees to avoid. This comes from the operant conditioning theory of learning according to which we must reinforce the behavior we want to be continued. Organizations must be mindful of the behavior they are promoting and highlighting. The unethical and problematic behavior must not be reinforced if you wish for it to be discontinued. Rewards, recognition and opportunities must be provided in the form of social and public reinforcement so that the ethical behavior that is desired gets highlighted. The organizations must focus on growth and development of the employees. They must empower the employees to effectively build the ethical skills and problem solving techniques. They must guide the employees and instead of simply dictating the dos and donts, step by step guidance must be provided to the employees. They must work on building the decision making skills of the employees and not just giving them the instructions to follow. This can be done by organizing workshops, providing reference material and consultation whenever required. Both the peers and the leaders can prove to be mentor in this situation. The organization must also provide the people the tools required to behave ethically. This will create a culture of ethics in the organization. The tools being discussed here are supervision and consultation regarding the right and wrong, and behavior modeling. This also includes engaging the staff and giving them the ability to freely communicate at all levels (E Fox, 2013). Training for development of problem solving skills is necessary for the people to be confident. Having an ombudsman or a point person to be contacted to report about any ethical misconduct being noticed gives the ethical conduct a boost. It can prove to be a focal point for getting ethical consultation and help related to any ethical dilemma being faced by the people. Corrective feedback is another tool that adds to the ethical inclination of the organization. Immediate corrective feedback helps the people in making things right before they get out of hand or blown out of proportion. This also gives a chance to the people to take corrective action immediately in case of a mistake or misjudgment. These principles can be applied to any organization to make its functioning ethical and the culture more transparent. The suggestions provided are aspirations in nature and can guide any organization that is willing to proceed towards ethical conduct. The organization must insist on the fact that each and every member must have a knowledge of the code of ethical conduct and the values that the organization believes in. No excuses must be accepted in this and no one must be exempted or given the leverage to not abide by the rules of ethical conduct. This must be regularly discussed and talked about as ethical working and inclination is an ongoing journey and not a onetime practice. References Buren, J., 2010. Ethical Leadership, s.l.: Noonmark Nonprofit Services, Available at: https://www.uvm.edu/sites/default/files/ethical_leadership_factsheet.pdf Butts, J., 2012. Ethics in leadership and organizations, Available at: https://www.jblearning.com/samples/0763749761/EthicalLeaderhip.pdf Fox, E., 2013. Ethical Leadership:Fostering an Ethical Environment Culture, Available at: https://www.ethics.va.gov/ELprimer.pdf Education, S. U. S. o., 2016. Theories of ethics, Available at: https://soe.syr.edu/academic/counseling_and_human_services/modules/Common_Ethical_Issues/theories_of_ethics.aspx Elango, B., Paul, K., Kundu, S. Paudel, S., 2010. Organizational Ethics, Individual Ethics, and Ethical Intentions in International Decision-Making. Journal of Business Ethics, pp. 1-19. Ferguson, A. Toft, K., 2015. 7-Eleven: The Price of Convenience, Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/4corners/stories/2015/08/30/4301164.htm Freeman, R., 2006. Developing Ethical Leadership: Business Roundtable Institute for Corporate Ethics, Available at: https://www.corporate-ethics.org/pdf/ethical_leadership.pdf James, N., 2016. Statement on 7-Eleven, Available at: https://www.fairwork.gov.au/about-us/news-and-media-releases/2016-media-releases/april-2016/20160409-7-eleven-presser Kokemuller, N., 2015. Common Types of Ethical Issues Within Organizations. [Online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/common-types-ethical-issues-within-organizations-15238.html Mihelic, K. Lipicnik, B., 2010. Ethical Leadership. International Journal of Management Information Systems, 14(5), pp. 1-12. Nath, S., 2009. Managerial Ethics. [Online] Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/siddharth4mba/managerial-ethics-presentation-967676 Nijhof, A. Olaf Fisscher, 1997. Dealing with Ethical Dilemmas in Organizational Change Processes. International Journal of Value-Based Management, May, 10(02), pp. 173-192. Rhodes, C., 2015. 7-Eleven, Volkswagen cases show why we should push back on corporate ethics, Available at: https://theconversation.com/7-eleven-volkswagen-cases-show-why-we-should-push-back-on-corporate-ethics-48739 Ross, D., 2015. Heroic leadership: Volkswagen, 7-eleven and failing sustainability, Available at: https://www.phoenixstrategic.com.au/heroic-leadership-volkswagen-7-eleven-and-failing-sustainability/ Sadler, G., 2011. Five Ethical Theories: Bare Bones for Business Educators, Available at: https://www.academia.edu/1702607/Five_Ethical_Theories_Bare_Bones_for_Business_Educators Somers, M., 2001. Ethical Codes of Conduct and Organizational Context: A Study of the Relationship Between Codes of Conduct, Employee Behavior and Organizational Values. Journal of Business Ethics, March, 30(1), p. 185195. Trevio, L. Weaver, G., 2006. Behavioral Ethics in Organizations: A Review. Journal of Management, December, 32(6), pp. 951-990.

Tannery Industries in the Hajaribagh Area and Its Impact on the Urban Form and Morphology Essay Example

Tannery Industries in the Hajaribagh Area and Its Impact on the Urban Form and Morphology Essay Hazaribagh is a densely populated unplanned area of Dhaka city where about 185 leather processing industries have been operating and discharging solid and liquid wastes directly to the low-lying areas, river and natural canals without proper treatment. For this unsympathetic development of the city urban living environment is deteriorating and becoming unlivable. Hazaribagh area is an unplanned area where leather processing industries have begun to develop from 1950s. Due to the rapid expansion of these industries since 1950s and their untreated toxic effluent discharge, it has a measurable impact on the living environment of this area. The regulatory measures are not that much practiced to restrict pollution. So the contamination level has reached to a level that the citizens are suffering from different pollution related problems. A detailed level policy frame work and planning implication is essential for the development of the area and for ensuring livable environment. To assess the environmental degradation of heavy metals of water samples, heavy metals and organic carbon content of sediment were analyzed by many project works and thesis. This study is based on secondary source materials and is focused on how these tannery industries evolved in this particular place? Why it has emerged so rapidly? And what impact it has been extending to the surrounding zones especially on the forms and morphology of the neighborhood. TABLE OF CONTENT 1. Introduction4 2. Objectives and scope of the Study5 . Methodology5 4. History of Tannery Industry in Bangladesh6 5. Hazaribagh Tannery in Dhaka City6 6. Hazaribagh Tannery: Impact on the form and morphology in Surrounding Environment 8 6. 1Houses and Residence of Hazaribagh Tannery9 6. 2Road Network and Drainage System of Hazaribagh Tannery10 6. 3Locations of Industries11 6. 4UNIDO environment Programme 12 7. Findings and Analysis12 7. 1 Socio economic condition of surrounding area13 7. 2 Physical condition of sur rounding areas14 7. 3 Biodiversity and Pollution14 8. We will write a custom essay sample on Tannery Industries in the Hajaribagh Area and Its Impact on the Urban Form and Morphology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tannery Industries in the Hajaribagh Area and Its Impact on the Urban Form and Morphology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tannery Industries in the Hajaribagh Area and Its Impact on the Urban Form and Morphology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Tannery Relocation and Settlement of Hazaribagh Tannery and15 Redevelopment of Hazaribagh Tannery Area 9. Recommendation and Conclusion19-21 10. References 22 1. Introduction Tanneries are the oldest industries in Bangladesh of which 95 percent are concentrated mainly in Hazaribagh area of Dhaka city. It is also a potentially rich manufacturing sector in terms of both financial return and social benefits. Hazaribagh with an area of 3. 8 square kilometer is surrounded by Mohammadpur thana on the north, Kamrangirchar thana on the south, Dhanmondi and Lalbagh thanas on the east, Keraniganj upazila and Buriganga river on the west. It is situated on the south-west part of capital Dhaka. The first tannery industry in Dhaka was established hundred years ago. Later on for the higher profit, concentration of industries increased with in a short period of time. This uncontrolled expansion of industrial zone extended its pressure on physical condition of environment and transformed the area to a brown field. It is now very essential to redevelop the site in planned and controlled manner. Due to the rapid growth of populations demand of housing is also increased and urbanization extended to this peripheral zone. The Hazaribagh area has a great mix up of industrial and residential activities. This residential areas has a huge shortage of ancillary facilities. Further more toxic pollutant from the industries is a serious threat for them. The dumping of untreated wastes from tannery industries in Hazaribag, Dhaka is the major source of pollution of Buriganga. The chromium released from the Hazaribag tannery industries has been contaminating the water of the river Buriganga for the last forty-five years. This highly polluted water is spreading various diseases including cancer. A statistics available from the Department of Environment reveal that 95 per cent of the tannery industries have been built in unplanned way at the congested places of Hazaribag during the last fifty years. At present during the peak monsoon about 21 thousand and 600 cubic meters of liquid toxic wastes are dumped daily into the river Buriganga from the 185 tannery industries of Hazaribag. There is no alternative way to dump this liquid toxic waste at the time of continuous production of tannery industries. Unfortunately a recent observation of Hazaribagh clearly shows an active decay and destruction primarily attributed to unplanned growth and poor maintenance. This area now appears no more than an inner city unhygienic environment. Technical compatibility is necessary to improve the houses and the community with certain policies. An architect is one who has the socio cultural consciousness, technical assistance, historical knowledge and moreover intuition by which he can foresee the befitting three dimensional redevelopment of an area. As a student of architecture, the main concern of this study is to propose the Community a guideline for healthy living environmental keeping the unique fabric of the area with cultural and historical consciousness. 2. Objectives and scope of the study The study area has been selected here for investigation as an important and ensitive part of the Dhaka city which is associated with very hazardous environment. The major objectives of the study are: †¢ To improvement the accessibility these areas by providing a sustainable living environment. †¢ To revitalize their living standard and to improve social awareness. †¢ To identify of social infrastructure, and environmental condition of Hazaribagh tannery area to minimize those problems. In this study at first the pa per describes the history of the tannery industry in Bangladesh as well as the background on the Hazaribag Tannery. Based on that, this paper analyses some findings of Hazaribagh tanneries and its impact on the form and morphology. This paper than addresses some means and ways to overcome the problem for better living in that area. 3. Methodology The study is based on relevant literature review, their analysis and cross–checking of the situation with field level observation and discussions. 4. History of Tannery Industry in Bangladesh From 1800 to mid 1960 South Asian used the vegetable tanned crust, a non-polluting tanning process which worked well as an environmental friendly process. The process was introduced in Bangladesh in the late 1940s. At first tanneries emerged in the Hazaribagh of Dhaka and Chandgao of Chittagong. This business was dominated by the Indians. Soon Pakistani entrepreneur replaced the Indians. After independence of Bnagladesh in 1971 changes took place in every sector and the Leather industries were not beyond it. In 1972, Tanneries Corporation has launched by the Government to make this sector more profitable. Afterwards a powerful committee was formed by the EDB (Export Development Bureau) to earn more foreign exchanges. In 1977, the Government imposed an export duty on wet blue leather which forced the industry to covert crust and finished leather into value added leather products. Many joint ventures took advantage of the Promotion and Protection Act of 1980 which brought a large amount of foreign investment to Bangladesh and the leather industries in Bangladesh flourished. 5. Hazaribagh Tannery in Dhaka City Hazaribagh, Dhaka’s biggest leather processing industrial zone, is in the middle of one of the most densely populated residential districts. Its industries freely dump untreated toxic waste directly into the low-lying area, river and natural canals. According to the Department of Environment (DoE), nearly 22,000 cubic metres of untreated and highly toxic liquid waste is discharged by the tanneries every day into the water bodies including the River Buriganga, the lifeline of the capital. Aquatic life forms of the Buriganga are seriously threatened. Residents in Hazaribagh area have been complaining for a long time that the tanneries spread bad odor and pollute the air beyond tolerable limits. pic] Dhaka city map In the Hazaribagh area processing of animal hides is done by the deadly chemicals. This work involves soaking the skins in chemical-mixed water, liming and de-liming, scrapping off meat and fat and removing hair from rawhides, and finally tanning. And all this is done with bare hands. Every day workers are exposed to poisonous chemicals like chromium, sulphur, manganese, copper compound, lead and many more. Accord ing to experts, the dangerous mixture of chemicals, acids and dyes used in the tanneries are extremely hazardous to human body. Surrounded by high walls and with very little ventilation, the air inside the factories is suffocating with fumes, heat and odour of chemicals. While large factories have some facilities, the condition in smaller factories is deplorable. 6. Hazaribagh Tannery : Impact on the form and morphology in surrounding environment The leather industry sector, which is the fourth largest foreign exchange earner of the country contributing about six per cent of total export earnings, produces 150 metric tons of solid waste every day contaminating the environment and water of the metropolis. 9 per cent of the total wastage comes from processing of hides and skin, and accumulates in the swamp-sludge and the part of the solid waste is collected by the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) and taken to landfill sites. A woman sits with her child on the threshold of her shack in a bamboo slum. Her home is built directly over a pool of chemical waste from a nearby tannery plant which processes animal hide to m ake leather. The only way she and her children can get out of their house is by wading through the toxic water Sewerage and garbage infrastructure is poorly developed in Dhaka and it is estimated that only 18% of domestic sewerage enters the sewerage systems. Al. Highly toxic water released from Hazaribagh Tanneries accumulating in the low-lying areas inside the city’s protected embankment has been diverted into the adjacent water-retention points in the Mahammadpur slum areas. During heavy rainfall or in flood, the toxic water enters into thousands of houses. The area has been used as a dumping place for tannery waste for many years. 6. Houses and Residence of Hazaribagh Tannery The residents of the citys western part continue to suffer from the adverse effects of pollution caused by some 200 tanneries in Hazaribagh and surrounding areas. The dreadful stink of the tannery district can be smelt from miles away the residential areas like Rayerbazar, Jhigatola and parts of Dhanmondi. Even the fumes emitted by tanneries often damage their gold and silver ornaments and affects home applia nces such as TV, fridge, computer and air conditioner systems. Foot path and the adjacent area of Hazaribagh Tannery The tanneries discharge the effluents and wastes into the river system causing a large area of acid sludge alongside the flood protection embankment and the liquid wastes are dumped in the river through a flood control regulator-cum-sluice gates. During monsoon months, the flood protection embankments protect Dhaka from heavy flooding while making it difficult to flush-out waste water, thereby creating environmental hazard. During the dry season the waste water is flushed out into the river causing pollution of the river water and affecting the aquatic flora and fauna. The dumping of the solid wastes is seriously affecting the soil and plants, besides vitiating the air, groundwater and human health etc. The water quality of the river Buriganga during wet season and dry season are heavily polluted so that dissolved oxygen in the river water is found to be nil during the dry season and no aquatic animals can live in this condition. Most of the waste effluents are subjected to natural decomposition in the environment, causing serious pollution problems affecting soil, water, air and human life. Stressing the need for treatment methods to combat pollution including segregation of processed waste water, sedimentation, neutralisation and biological treatment, about half the tanneries apply some kind of solid waste reuse, while 90 per cent of the finished trimming wastes are used by the local shoemakers in and around the Dhaka City. Chemical analysis suggests that tannery wastes are characterised by strong colour, high biochemical oxygen demand, high pH and high dissolved salts. Disposal of these wastes into water course or onto land, with or without prior sedimentation, creates a great problem in the environment in the vicinity. So, it has become essential to treat the waste to a certain degree prior to its disposal. 6. 2Road Network and Drainage System of Hazaribagh Tannery At present, the existing sewage outfalls, the sewage lift operations consisting of 16 pumps and local residential drains are not adequate to properly and efficiently remove all the waste products generated by the factories and population of the affected area. This is partly a maintenance problem but an nvironmental problem was created by the discharging of wastewater with excessively high solids content and a dangerous level of chromium among other heavy metals and toxic materials. The waste water is discharged into open drains and ultimately finds way onto land surface and into natural waters in the vicinity. The roads are more or less always covered with smoke and dusts. The smoke bas ically evolved from the burning materials of the tanneries and it creates serious havoc there Untreated effluents flow unabated through the drains at Hazaribagh tannery zone leaving the workers exposed to health hazards. The toxic elements also pollute the Buriganga River A clean technology can overcome environmental pollution caused by the tanneries. Physical, chemical and biological cleaning methods for waste water are used in this sector. Physical treatments include mainly screening and primary sedimentation, the only treatment which is provided in most of the tanneries in Bangladesh. Screens are required to remove flashing, hairs and other floating substances. A continuous flow sedimentation tank designed on maximum hourly flow with four hours of detention is found to be effective in 90 per cent removal of suspended solids. However, in most of the tanneries, the fill and draw sedimentation tanks are used and found to be more efficient. But the effluent may be discharged into the sewer chock age. 6. 3Locations of Industries The water in the low lying areas near Hazaribagh, with a direct link to the Buriganga River, is polluted in such a degree that it has become unsuitable for public uses. In summer when the rate of decomposition of the waste is higher, serious air pollution is caused in the whole of Hazaribagh area, including a part of not too far high-class residential area, by producing intolerable obnoxious odors. . 4 UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Origination) environment programme An Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) study has carried out by and a Dhaka-based consulting firm selected by UNIDO that has submitted a report. A five-member committee formed by the Ministry of Industries has identified a 7. 5 acre plot of land in a suitable location at Hazaribagh for the construction of the central effluent treatment plant (CETP). A Dutch consultancy firm has been engaged to prepare the engineering requirements to treat the effluent and a landfill for safe disposal of tannery sludge. . Findings and Analysis Wastes generated from the leather processing industries located in the southwestern part of Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, pose serious threat to the environment. Ground water as well as the ecosystem of the area is on the verge of huge pollution making its way to be recognized sooner or later as one of the most polluted City in south Asia due to industrial activities. Untreated sewage water is released into the Buriganga. According to the Environment Department, along with the sewage from Dhaka, up to 40,000 tons of untreated tannery waste is released directly into the river every day. The unregulated operation of such large number of tanneries within a residential area has been identified by many sources as serious threat to the surrounding environment and public health. A study titled Leather Industry: Environmental Pollution and Mitigation Measures conducted by a research organization named Society for Environment and Human Development describes the physical look and smell of the area as frightening, intolerable and horrendous. According to the said study the Hazaribagh area accumulates large quantity of solid and liquid wastes in the low land on the west side that is ultimately pumped out on the other side of the Dhaka Protection Embankment, i. e. , to the river Buriganga. Such unregulated dumping has caused immense harm to the water quality of the river Buriganga and its aquatic resources that call for immediate remedial measures. Rice and wheat were grown in a pot experiment in soils from the tannery area. The wheat showed delayed maturity and stunting growth while rice showed late flowering and maturity with dark green colour. In another experiment it was observed that application of tannery effluents to soils of differing textures resulted in reduction of yield of rice, the research said adding that the adverse effect was more pronounced in light soils than in heavy soils. The effluent was also found to negatively affect performance, nodulation and growth of mung beans (dal). 7. 1 Socio economic condition of surroundings area The water in the low-lying areas near Hazaribagh, with a direct link to the Buriganga River, is polluted in such a degree that it has become unsuitable for public uses. In summer when the rate of decomposition of the waste is higher, serious air pollution is caused in the whole of Hazaribagh area, including a part of not too far high-class residential area, by producing intolerable obnoxious odors. The pollutants of tannery wastes are of inorganic, organic and toxic nature and require elaborate treatment before disposal to prevent physical, chemical and biological pollution of the receiving body of water. The tannery waste with high concentration of dissolved solids, suspended solids, chloride, color, ammonia and very high BOD and COD with no dissolved oxygen is being discharged every day in the receiving water. Extent of this problem shows how horrible situation the corporate bodies of our country can cause. The recent obligation set by the government to move these tanneries to other places in two years time shows how accommodative and least proactive the businesses are in Bangladesh. 7. 2Physical condition of surrounding areas The Hazaribagh tannery complex and other industries, primarily the glue and paint industries located in the same general area, have affected water and air quality in a large poorly drained area locked behind a 9 meters high flood control embankment constructed in 1989-1990 in south-west Dhaka City. Up until the time of embankment construction, the contaminants were washed to the Buriganga River by annual flooding. At present, the existing sewage outfalls, the sewage lift operations consisting of 16 pumps and local residential drains are not adequate to properly and efficiently remove all he waste products generated by the factories and population of the affected area. This is partly a maintenance problem but an environmental problem was created by the discharging of wastewater with excessively high solids content and a dangerous level of chromium among other heavy metals and toxic materials. 7. 3Biodiversity and Pollution There are more than 200 small, medium and large tanneries, the majority of whom produce leather on a regular basis and process more than 180 million sq ft or 74,000 tons of raw hide and skin annually. The peak production level is 400 tons a day which takes place during the Eid-Ul-Azha period. The industry subsequently creates about 106 tons of solid waste, and 13,500 cubic meters of tannery effluent daily, which is discharged into a major river causing irreparable damage to the environment. During peak production levels, the discharge effluent increases to 21,600 cubic meters and the emission of solid waste is about 170 tons per day. The pollution emanating from the tanneries is directly affecting surface water, ground water, the soil and air of the Hazaribagh area. The wastewater discharge from the tanneries is polluting the Buriganga river water and making the water completely unsuitable for any use. Furthermore, the adjoining residential areas are also badly affected by the emission of a bad odour from Hazaribagh. During the dry season, the water quality of the Buriganga and the Turag river deteriorates tremendously due to the low dilution factor. The extent of environmental pollution by the leather industry has been publicised in the countrys media as well as in many foreign media. Many foreign organisations have shown an interest in extending financial and technical assistance by carrying out surveys. Chemical analysis suggests that tannery wastes are characterized by strong color, high BOD, high pH and high dissolved salts. Disposal of these wastes into water course with or without prior sedimentation, creates a great problem in the environment, especially in the river Buriganga. Wastes are not usually treated to a certain degree before it goes to the river. 8. Tannery relocation and Settlement of Hazaribagh Tannery and Redevelopment of Hazaribagh Tannery Area Relocation of the tannery zone from the citys Hazaribagh area to the leather estate at Savar remains caught up in the complex procedures of setting up the central effluent treatment plant (CETP) while the pollution continues to play havoc on environment. Another major obstacle to the relocation project is most of the land and property at Hazaribagh is mortgaged against bank loans. Until the banks release the mortgaged property it would be impossible to shift from there. But still the project sees no headway as various issues remain unresolved. The issue of relocation of the tannery units from the residential areas of Hazaribagh has also been discussed several times at the decision making level of the Government with no concrete result as yet. Losing its beauty and glory, Buriganga is now almost a dead river. There is no high wave anymore. For miles, it contains poisonous and stinky water obstructing the livelihood of the people living and working on its banks. Using its polluted water, the slum dwellers and low-income group people are getting affected by various waterborne diseases. The tannery industry in Bangladesh is expanding, despite the social problem created due to environmental pollution. The quality of liquid waste discharged from these tanneries varies from 10 to 15 gallons per square feet of hides and skins processed. This comprising waste water, organic particular and toxic chemicals is discharged in open drains and ultimately finds its way onto land surfaces and in natural waters in the vicinity. As a result, water, air, soil, shelter and food are getting continuously polluted. There are many hazards associated with the chemicals used in the tanning processes. But the hazards can come out in two ways. One is directly by external exposure or inhalation of the chemicals used and retained, or through the waters of canals and rivers after mixing with the released effluents. Substantial work has been done to study this. But the other way, which is probably not yet studied, is the entering of harmful chemicals into the food chain through the use of solid wastes as feed staff. This is a recent phenomenon happening at large extent for the last several years. The pollutants of tannery wastes are of organic, organic and toxic nature and require elaborate treatment before disposal to prevent physical, chemical and biological pollution of the receiving body of water. The tannery waste with high concentration of dissolved solids, suspended solids, chloride, colour, ammonia etc. is being discharged every day in the receiving water. pic] Hazaribagh Leather Industry and Slums in Dhaka A clean technology can overcome environmental pollution caused by the tanneries. Physical, chemical and biological cleaning methods for waste water are used in this sector. Physical treatments include mainly screening and primary sedimentation, the only treatment which is provided in most of the tanneries in Bangladesh. Screens a re required to remove flashing, hairs and other floating substances. A continuous flow sedimentation tank designed on maximum hourly flow with four hours of detention is found to be effective in 90 per cent removal of suspended solids. However, in most of the tanneries, the fill and draw sedimentation tanks are used and found to be more efficient. No appreciable reduction of dislodged solid, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, colour and chloride can be achieved in the physical treatment process. But the effluent may be discharged into the sewer chockage. The key targets which are identified for reducing environmental impact of leather processing are replacement of chromium, more efficient use of chemicals, sulphide-free unhairing, possibly with hair recovery, utilisation of wastes, reuse of water, odour control, solvent free finishing and N-free delimiting. Todays tanners, experts say, are not only hard-pressed by the high costs of compliance with increasingly restrictive environmental legislation, but are also faced with a confusion of competing claims for alternative clean technologies. A practical database is required that would enable the tanner simply and rapidly to shortlist the most appropriate technologies for his specific needs, with the aim of minimising the costs. It would be essential for the tanner to be able to identify existing users of the technology and independent leather experts, as well as the manufacturers or inventors, whom the tanner could then separately consult. The database should give an indication of the level of development of each technology and its extent of use, since systems inevitably range from those just at research and development (RD) stage to well-established technologies in widespread use. This study also recommends building of appropriate waste treatment plants for neutralizing harmful chemicals before disposal of the waste into the environment and called upon the government to fix a legal limit value for discharge of tannery effluent to surface water. Hazaribagh tannery industries are situated in the midst of a densely populated residential area surrounded by slums, and the area is one of the worst polluted areas in Bangladesh. Its total land area is 25 hectares and this zone is categorized as Red zone according to the Department of Environment, where the morbidity rate is highest in the world. The effluents contain dissolved arsenic, sodium sulfate, lime, acids, salts, dyes, oils, suspended solids, organic matters and heavy metals like chromium, lead, etc and a study showed that very high accumulation of chromium (15,000 mg/kg of sediment) at the topsoil upto a depth of 3m in Hazaribagh area and very high concentration of chromium of about 4000 mg/L has been detected in tannery wastewater. To protect the urban environment of Dhaka City and by recent directives from High Court, Bangladesh Government has decided to shift the tannery industries from Hazaribagh area to Savar. The works for shifting the industries have already started. The dismantling area will be a real Brownfield, which would need proper investigation of the extent of pollution and to formulate guidelines for the remediation of the contaminated lands with respect to country’s socio-economic context for sustainable urban development in this area. In future, the area will be used for residential, commercial and recreational purposes. The presence of potentially contaminated sites in urban areas may cause potential threat to human beings, causing both surface and groundwater ollution by toxic, inorganic and organic substances. The aim of this research project is to reclaim urban polluted sites in Dhaka City by means of demonstration of the technical and economic feasibility of innovative soil remediation technologies. The action will be focused on the demonstration, by means of pilot experiences, of the technological and economic feasibility of innovative soil remediation technologie s for the reclamation of polluted soils in Hazaribagh Tannery area and Tejgaon Industrial area in Dhaka city. The remediation of soils in urban polluted sites will promote land-use management, the integration of new socio-economic activities in these urban areas, reduce the human exposure to toxic pollutants, promote a sustainable urban planning of these zones and contributing at the same time to quality of life through a more sustainable development of the capital of Bangladesh. 9. Recommendations and Conclusion Dhaka has been growing haphazardly due to lack of appropriate planning. The study area is very important and sensitive part of the Dhaka city which is associated with very hazardous with environment as well as community. The study of this project recommends the following: †¢ Redevelopment of the land of Tanneries with appropriate planning principles and development with adjoining areas. With the help of the appropriate authority and some developers the total land area may be redeveloped so that it can be habitable. †¢ Max uses of the site can be as green space for eco friendly environment. In Dhaka most are the places are not echo friendly and are quite densely populated so the proposed area may be made more eco friendly. †¢ Improvement of accessibility of these areas by providing a sustainable living environment. At present the accessibility in the Hazaribagh area is quite difficult this need to be improved a lot for better living. †¢ Revitalize the living standard improvement of social awareness of the local people of that area. The social awareness of the local people is also very important for better living it is most important to develop the social awareness of the people. Conserving some old buildings for important functional purpose. This can be done by transform it an attractive urban community space of urban civic life which could act as a hub to link the old the new parts of Dhaka. The countrys 220 tanneries, mostly located in Dhaka, are releasing a large quantity of toxic waste at the time of processing of leather, causing a severe environment al pollution. The pollution is seriously affecting the livelihood of some 0. 1 million people in and around the Hazaribagh area of the capital city. Some 194 of the tanneries are now housed in the citys Hazaribagh area, which is on the brink of an environmental disaster. There is no denying that most of the urban-based industries in Bangladesh pollute environment. Of them, tanneries do the extreme damage. Most of the tanneries are located in urban areas and their relocation outside the metropolitan city has not been done. It is essentially a by-product industry utilising hides and skin from animals raised primarily for their meat. In Bangladesh, the tannery solid wastes are converted to protein-concentrate to be used as poultry feed, fish feed, and in production of organic fertilizers. Over the last several years it is a common phenomenon in the largest tanning area of the country, the Hazaribagh tannery area at the south-east part of Dhaka city. One of the major concerns of these activities is the heavy metals, especially chromium, used in the tanning processes. Tanneries in the citys Hazaribagh area discharge some 21,600 square meters of liquid wastes everyday. These harmful wastes, including chromium, lead, sulphur, ammonium, salt and other materials, are severely polluting the capital city and the river Buriganga. No body knows how much harm and potential carcinogen diseases will occur to the slum inhabitants. There is no warning from the Government or aid giving agencies or their representatives. This is the vicious circle that the poorest groups are the worst victims of the foreign currency earning schemes. As per the directives by the High Court to the government on relocation of the tanneries from Hazaribagh area to Savar in eighteen months time. We were nothing short of happy when the Prime Minister had announced quite a while ago her governments decision to relocate the tannery plants from a densely populated area to a more suitable exclusive zone. But sadly it has so far remained a declaration of intent only and a mere announcement. The agencies concerned have made little headway in relocating the tannery industry. As the tannery industries in Bangladesh are well established, they cannot be shifted without enormous losses. However, efforts are in progress to shift the Hazaribagh tanneries to a suitable place in Savar, yet, at every stage of leather processing, clean technology must be applied. When new industries are set up, clean technology will have to be followed for protecting the environment. The present situation suggested that the relocation of Hazaribagh tanneries may take several more years to be completed since the authorities are facing various complications regarding land acquisition, setting up an Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP), and due to reluctant tannery owners. With the prolonged delay in implementing the Tk 1. 5 billion Dhaka Tannery Estate Project (DTEP), the Buriganga River and millions of residents in the western part of the capital are set to face renewed onslaught of toxic emissions in the coming years. But due to sluggishness, non-awareness and ignorance by the countrys policy makers about tannery pollution, especially the ministry of environment and forest, environmental pollut ion by the tanning industry has continued since 1972. The environmental condition in the Hazaribagh tannery area is deteriorating but the government did not give the area the urgent environmental protection it needs. Considering the state of the environment presently prevailing, and the unbearable pressure and rapid urbanization, environmental education in Bangladesh is a crying need of the hour. Social and ecological changes today take place rapidly and affect more and more people. Environmental education can help a person in understanding these changes and provide necessary skills for adjusting them. In the above light, it is evident that the promotion and enhancement of environmental education throughout Dhaka City can help people become aware of the preservation of environment. 10. References 1. M. Azizul Islam Kazi and M. Shahidul Islam, 2006, Heavy Metal Concentration in Tannery Solid Wastes Used as Poultry Feed and The Ecotoxicological Consequences; Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka and Analytical Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka. 2. Mamun, Muntasir, 2003, Dhaka Samagra, Anannya, Dhaka. 3. Spreiregen, Paul, D. , The architecture of towns and cities, McGraw-Hill Book Company, London. 4. Mamun, Muntasir, 2004, Dhaka, 4th edition, Anannya, Dhaka. 5. DMDP, 1995, Structure Plan, Master plan and detailed area plan for Dhaka city, (volume-1), Dhaka. . DMDP, 1995, Structure Plan, Master plan and detailed area plan for Dhaka city, (volume-2), Dhaka. 7. Haque, Dr. , Sirajul and Sultana, Dr. , Sakila, 2002, Atlas of Urban Geography, Dhaka. 8. Chowdhury, Islam, Qamrul 1999, State of Environment Report 1998, Forum of Environmental Journalists of Bangladesh (FEJB). 9. Sarker, N. , C. and Khan, A. , U. , 2005, Health care facili ties of tannery workers in Hazaribagh Area, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 10. Ahmed, Rukanudin, 2005, Existing Environmental Status of Hazaribagh, Dhaka, Training Institute for Chemical Industries, Narsingdi. 11. http://www. cas. net, Dec. 19, 2008. 12. http://www. atimes. com, Nov. 02, 2008. 13. http://www. elaw. org, Dec. 18, 2008. 14. http://www. independent-bangladesh. com, Dec. 18, 2008. 15. http://www. who. int, Nov. 24, 2008. 16. http://www. worldbank. org, Jan. 07, 2009. 17. http://www. flonnet. com, Nov. 16, 2008. 18. The Daily Star, Published on: Nov. 30, 2008. | | | | | 22 momenunnessa student id: 1008012018 course title: urban design practices